Colorado's e-bike popularity is surging, from urban commuting to mountain trails. To ensure safety and clarity, House Bill 25-1197, effective 2025, introduces new regulations refining e-bike use statewide. These changes significantly impact all riders, making understanding them crucial for a safe, legal, and enjoyable e-biking experience. This proactive legislation, supported by groups like Bicycle Colorado, aims to seamlessly integrate e-bikes into the state's transportation and recreational networks, fostering a thriving and well-regulated e-bike community.
Understanding Colorado's E-Bike Classifications
An "electrical assisted bicycle" is fundamentally defined as a vehicle equipped with two or three wheels, fully operable pedals, and an electric motor that does not exceed 750 watts of power. It is crucial to note that if a vehicle surpasses these specifications, for instance, by having a larger motor or lacking functional pedals, it may no longer be classified as an e-bike. Instead, it could fall under the category of a moped or motorcycle, which are subject to an entirely different set of laws and requirements.
Colorado law further categorizes e-bikes into three distinct classes, and these classifications are fundamental, as they dictate most of the operational rules for e-bike use throughout the state:
Class 1 E-Bike
These e-bikes are equipped with a motor that provides assistance only when the rider is actively pedaling. The motor's assistance cuts off once the bicycle reaches a speed of 20 miles per hour. A critical safety feature for Class 1 e-bikes is that the motor assistance ceases when the rider stops pedaling.
Class 2 E-Bike
Unlike Class 1, these e-bikes feature a throttle-powered motor, meaning they can provide assistance even without the rider pedaling. However, similar to Class 1, the motor's assistance stops when the bicycle reaches a speed of 20 miles per hour. A key safety mechanism for Class 2 e-bikes is that the motor must stop functioning when the brakes are applied.
Class 3 E-Bike
These are pedal-assist only e-bikes, with the motor engaging solely when the rider is pedaling. They are designed for higher speeds, with motor assistance capable of reaching up to 28 miles per hour. Class 3 e-bikes are legally required to have a speedometer to display the rider's speed. Like Class 1, the motor assistance disengages when the rider stops pedaling.
A notable addition introduced by House Bill 25-1197 is the recognition of "multiple mode" e-bikes. These are e-bikes that possess the capability to switch between different classes. For riders operating such a bike, it is essential to understand that they must comply with the regulations pertinent to the specific mode in which their e-bike is currently operating.
This new classification acknowledges the evolving technological landscape of e-bikes. The legislature's decision to specifically categorize "multiple mode" e-bikes, rather than forcing advanced technology into existing, potentially ill-fitting categories, demonstrates a forward-thinking approach.
This framework not only provides clarity for dynamic e-bike capabilities but also places the responsibility on riders to be aware of and adhere to the rules of their bike's current operational mode, thereby promoting responsible use of adaptable technology. This legislative foresight suggests a commitment to future-proofing e-bike regulations, anticipating continued innovation in the market.
Table: key distinctions between Colorado's e-bike classifications
| Class | Max Speed (Motor Assist) | Assist Type | Key Features / Notes |
| Class 1 | 20 mph | Pedal-assist only | Motor disengages when pedaling stops. |
| Class 2 | 20 mph | Throttle-assist | Motor stops when brakes are applied. |
| Class 3 | 28 mph | Pedal-assist only | Requires a speedometer; motor disengages when pedaling stops. |
Key Changes & New Regulations for 2025 (HB 25-1197)
House Bill 25-1197, passed by the Colorado General Assembly, introduces several significant changes set to take effect in 2025. These updates are designed to enhance safety, improve clarity for both riders and consumers, and ensure the responsible growth of the e-bike community.
One of the most critical aspects of the new legislation concerns safety standards for lithium-ion batteries. Starting in 2025, lithium-ion batteries used in e-bikes must be certified by an accredited testing laboratory, such as those adhering to UL 2849 or EN 15194 standards.
This requirement is a direct response to growing concerns about fire hazards and malfunctions associated with uncertified batteries, a risk that has increased with the soaring popularity of e-bikes. This measure aims to significantly reduce such risks, thereby enhancing overall rider safety.
Another important change involves labeling requirements. Beginning January 1, 2027, all e-bikes sold in Colorado must feature a clear label indicating their class, top assisted speed, and motor wattage (up to 750W). For "multiple mode" e-bikes, the label must specify the highest class in which the bike can operate.
This ensures that riders are fully aware of their bike's capabilities and limitations, promoting informed and compliant use. Any modification to an e-bike that alters its speed capability or motor wattage will necessitate an updated label.
Furthermore, HB 25-1197 introduces robust sales and advertising protections designed to safeguard consumers. It will become illegal to sell or market any vehicle as an e-bike if it does not meet the state's official definition. Sellers will be legally obligated to disclose crucial information to buyers, including the motor power, maximum speed, and class of the e-bike.
Misrepresenting a vehicle as an e-bike is now explicitly classified as a deceptive trade practice under Colorado law. Additionally, the bill prohibits the manufacturing, distribution, or sale of uncertified lithium-ion batteries intended for e-bike use.
These 2025 legislative changes, particularly those concerning battery certification and sales protections, reflect a maturing e-bike market where safety and consumer trust have become paramount. The rapid expansion of e-bike use has, unfortunately, been accompanied by an increase in incidents such as battery fires and instances of misleading sales practices.
These new regulations are designed to professionalize the e-bike industry, shielding consumers from unsafe products and fraudulent claims. This approach fosters the long-term sustainability and positive public perception of e-biking. The extended deadline for labeling requirements, January 1, 2027, provides a reasonable grace period for manufacturers and sellers to ensure full compliance with the new standards.
Where Can You Ride Your E-Bike in Colorado?
Understanding where e-bikes are permitted is one of the most complex aspects of Colorado's e-bike laws, as regulations can vary significantly depending on the e-bike's class and the specific jurisdiction or land management agency. While state law provides general guidelines, local municipalities and federal agencies retain considerable authority to set their own rules. A general rule of thumb is to assume e-bikes are allowed unless clearly posted otherwise, but always check for signs and local ordinances.
Roads and Bike Lanes
All three classes of e-bikes are generally permitted on roadways and in designated bike lanes across Colorado. However, Class 3 e-bikes, due to their higher speed capabilities, are typically restricted to roads and bike lanes and are often prohibited from other types of paths unless specifically designated.
Sidewalks
In most areas, riding e-bikes on sidewalks is generally prohibited. However, it's worth noting that electric scooters are often permitted on sidewalks and multi-use paths where Class 1 e-bikes are allowed.
State and Federal Lands
Access rules on public lands are particularly nuanced:
Colorado State Parks: Class 1 and Class 2 e-bikes are generally allowed on designated multi-use trails, paved roads, and in bike lanes within State Parks. Class 3 e-bikes, however, are typically restricted to paved roads and designated bike lanes only.
State Wildlife Areas (SWAs) & State Trust Lands (STLs): E-bikes are permitted only on designated roads and within designated camping or parking areas where other motorized vehicles are allowed. They are strictly prohibited in all other areas of SWAs and STLs. Visitors to these lands are also required to possess a valid hunting or fishing license.
Federal Lands (National Parks, National Forests, Bureau of Land Management - BLM): E-bike use on federal lands varies significantly by location and specific land management plans. Generally, e-bikes are considered motorized vehicles on federal lands, meaning they are often restricted to motorized trails or areas where traditional bicycles are permitted (e.g., paved roads).
Federally designated wilderness areas, such as Rocky Mountain National Park's backcountry or the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness, strictly prohibit e-bikes due to their motorized nature. It is always advisable to contact the specific land management agency (e.g., US Forest Service, BLM) before riding on federal lands.
Local and County Trails
Local regulations enacted by counties and cities introduce further variations:
Jeffco Open Space: Following a pilot program, Jeffco Open Space has adopted a policy allowing Class 1 e-bikes on natural surface trails and both Class 1 and Class 2 e-bikes on paved trails within their parks.
Denver: E-bikes are generally allowed on most bike lanes and paths, but Class 3 e-bikes may be prohibited on certain bike paths and sidewalks.
Boulder: Local rules can be more restrictive, particularly on off-road trails. Non-motorized paths in Boulder generally restrict all e-bike types unless explicitly stated otherwise.
Summit County (Breckenridge, Frisco, Keystone): E-bikes are allowed on paved recreational paths but are prohibited on singletrack mountain bike trails.
Aspen & Pitkin County: The Rio Grande Trail permits Class 1 and Class 2 e-bikes, but only in specific sections.
Areas Generally Prohibited
Even with increasing acceptance, e-bikes are generally not permitted on:
Most U.S. Forest Service singletrack mountain bike trails.
Designated hiking or equestrian trails, unless explicitly stated otherwise.
Wilderness areas, which are strictly non-motorized.
The varied and often complex regulations across federal, state, and local jurisdictions create a significant challenge for e-bike riders. While state law establishes the foundational classification system and general rules, it explicitly grants local authorities the power to impose additional restrictions.
Furthermore, federal lands operate under their own, often more stringent, interpretations of motorized vehicle rules. This means riders cannot assume consistency from one area to another and must diligently check local ordinances and land manager rules before every ride. This intricate regulatory landscape could potentially deter some riders or lead to unintentional violations, underscoring the critical need for clear communication from authorities and continuous diligence from riders.
Table: E-bike trail access by land management type and class
|
Land Management Type |
Class 1/2 E-Bike Access | Class 3 E-Bike Access | Key Restrictions / Notes |
| Roads & Bike Lanes | Allowed | Allowed | Class 3 generally restricted to these areas |
| Sidewalks |
Generally Prohibited |
Generally Prohibited |
E-scooters may be allowed where Class 1 e-bikes are permitted |
| Colorado State Parks | Allowed on multi-use trails, roads, bike lanes | Paved roads & designated bike lanes only | Check specific park regulations |
| State Wildlife Areas (SWAs) | Designated roads & camping/parking areas only | Designated roads & camping/parking areas only | Prohibited elsewhere; valid hunting/fishing license required |
| State Trust Lands (STLs) | Designated roads & camping/parking areas only | Designated roads & camping/parking areas only | Prohibited elsewhere; valid hunting/fishing license required |
| National Parks & National Forests | Varies; generally where traditional bikes are allowed (paved roads/motorized trails) | Varies; generally where traditional bikes are allowed (paved roads/motorized trails) | E-bikes considered motorized; check individual agency rules |
| Bureau of Land Management (BLM) | Allowed on roads/trails open to OHV use; specific written authorization needed for non-motorized trails | Allowed on roads/trails open to OHV use; specific written authorization needed for non-motorized trails | Check local BLM office for detail |
| Wilderness Areas | Prohibited (strictly non-motorized) | Prohibited (strictly non-motorized) | Includes Rocky Mountain National Park backcountry, Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness |
| Local/County Trails | Varies widely; check local ordinances | Varies widely; check local ordinances | Examples: Jeffco Open Space (Class 1 on natural surface, Class 1/2 on paved) ; Denver (Class 3 restricted on some paths) ; Boulder (non-motorized paths restrict all e-bikes unless stated) ; Summit County (paved rec paths allowed, singletrack prohibited) |
| US Forest Service Singletrack | Generally Prohibited | Generally Prohibited | Check local rules before riding |
| Designated Hiking/Equestrian Trails | Generally Prohibited (unless stated) | Generally Prohibited (unless stated) | - |
Rider Responsibilities: Age, Helmets, Licenses & More
Riding an e-bike in Colorado comes with specific responsibilities regarding rider age, helmet use, and equipment standards. Unlike motor vehicles, e-bikes generally do not require a special license, registration, or insurance to operate in Colorado. This policy aims to make e-bikes widely accessible, encouraging their adoption across the state.
Age Restrictions
Age restrictions vary by e-bike class:
Class 1 and Class 2 E-Bikes: There are no statewide age restrictions for operating these classes of e-bikes.
Class 3 E-Bikes: Due to their higher speeds, riders under 16 years of age are prohibited from operating a Class 3 e-bike unless they are riding as a passenger on an e-bike designed for that purpose.
Helmet Requirements
Helmet laws in Colorado are specific to e-bike class and rider age:
Mandatory for Class 3 E-Bikes: Any person under 18 years of age operating or riding as a passenger on a Class 3 e-bike must wear a protective helmet designed for bicycle use. While some sources mention age 21 for Class 3 helmet requirements , the most consistent and legally cited age across the statutes is under 18.
Recommended for All Riders: Even when not legally mandated, wearing a helmet is strongly recommended for all e-bike riders, regardless of age or class. Helmets significantly minimize the risk of head injuries in the event of an accident.
The absence of a general license or registration requirement for e-bikes, coupled with specific age and helmet rules for Class 3 models, illustrates a legislative balance. Colorado seeks to promote e-bike adoption by minimizing barriers to entry, such as licensing.
However, the state acknowledges the increased speeds and potential risks associated with Class 3 e-bikes by imposing targeted safety requirements for younger riders and mandating certain equipment standards. This approach indicates that e-bikes are largely treated as bicycles, yet the state recognizes the necessity for specific regulations where motor assistance substantially increases speed or power, thereby aiming for safety without imposing overly burdensome regulations.
Equipment Requirements
To ensure safety on Colorado's roads and trails, e-bikes must be equipped with certain features, especially when ridden between sunset and sunrise or during periods of low visibility. These requirements, outlined in Colorado Revised Statute 42-4-221, apply to both traditional and electric bicycles:
Lighting:
A front lamp that emits white light, visible from at least 500 feet away.
A red rear reflector visible for at least 600 feet when illuminated by a vehicle's low-beam headlamps. Alternatively, a lighted lamp visible from both sides at a distance of at least 500 feet can fulfill this requirement.
Reflective material on both sides of the e-bike that is sufficiently large and efficient to be seen from 600 feet away when illuminated by a vehicle's low-beam headlamps.
Brakes: E-bikes must have brakes capable of stopping the bicycle within 25 feet when traveling at 10 miles per hour on a clean, dry, and level paved surface.
Class-Specific Requirements:
Class 3 E-Bikes: Must be equipped with a speedometer that accurately displays the rider's speed in miles per hour.
Class 2 E-Bikes: The motor must cease functioning immediately when the brakes are applied, adding an extra layer of safety.
Class 1 and Class 3 E-Bikes: Must have a circuit or other non-bypassable mechanism that disengages the motor when the rider stops pedaling.
Other Requirements:
E-bikes are prohibited from being equipped with a siren or whistle.
Retail sellers are required to ensure that e-bikes have an identifying number stamped or cast on the frame.
Rules of the Road: Riding Safely & Legally
In Colorado, e-bike riders generally have the same rights and duties as the operators of any other vehicle, with exceptions for specific regulations that do not inherently apply to bicycles. Adhering to traffic laws, exercising caution, and practicing defensive riding are crucial for safety.
General Traffic Laws
Obey Traffic Control: E-bike riders must obey all traffic signs, signals, and right-of-way rules.
Ride with Traffic Flow: When operating on a roadway at less than the normal speed of traffic, riders should generally ride in the right-hand lane. Exceptions include preparing for a left turn, overtaking a slower vehicle, or taking reasonable precautions to avoid road hazards or narrow lanes. On one-way roadways with multiple lanes, riders may ride as near to the left-hand curb or edge as deemed safe.
Yield to Pedestrians: E-bike riders must yield the right-of-way to pedestrians, especially in crosswalks and on shared paths, and should give an audible signal before overtaking and passing them.
Safety Stop Law (as of April 13, 2022)
This progressive law allows bicyclists and users of "low-speed conveyances" (including e-bikes) aged 15 and older to treat stop signs as yield signs and red lights as stop signs, provided the intersection is clear and they do not take the right-of-way from other road users. They can proceed through stop sign-controlled intersections at up to 10 miles per hour after yielding. Younger riders may perform this maneuver if accompanied by an adult. This law does not apply where specific traffic lights or signs prohibit the maneuver.
This "Safety Stop Law" represents a forward-thinking approach to traffic regulation for bicycles and e-bikes, acknowledging their unique operational characteristics compared to motor vehicles. The intent is to improve traffic flow and safety by allowing cyclists to maintain momentum when it is safe to do so, which can reduce fatigue from constant stopping and starting, and potentially decrease the risk of rear-end collisions.
This policy demonstrates a legislative effort to make cycling more practical and appealing, aligning with broader state goals of promoting active transportation, as evidenced by Colorado's 2035 Transportation Vision which calls for significant expansion of bike lanes and sidewalks.
Riding Practices
Riding Abreast: Riders are generally not permitted to ride more than two abreast on a roadway, except on paths or parts of roadways specifically designated for exclusive bicycle use. When riding two abreast on a laned roadway, they must remain within a single lane and not impede the normal flow of traffic.
Hands on Handlebars: At least one hand must remain on the handlebars at all times while operating an e-bike.
Signaling: Riders must signal their intention to turn or stop in accordance with traffic laws. A right turn may be signaled by extending the right arm horizontally.
Carrying Passengers: E-bikes should only be used to carry more than one person if they are specifically designed and equipped for it.
Attaching to Motor Vehicles: It is illegal for an e-bike rider to attach themselves or their e-bike to any motor vehicle on a roadway.
Parking: E-bikes may be parked on a sidewalk as long as they do not impede pedestrian or other traffic. On the road, they can be parked at an angle to the curb or abreast of another e-bike near the side of the road, provided traffic flow is not obstructed. Otherwise, e-bikes parked on a highway must conform to general vehicle parking regulations.
Penalties for Violations: What Riders & Sellers Need to Know
Colorado's e-bike laws include penalties for both riders and sellers who fail to comply with regulations. Understanding these consequences is vital for ensuring legal and responsible e-bike use and sales.
Rider Penalties
General Traffic Infractions: Violations related to manufacturing standards and e-bike classification (e.g., modifying an e-bike without updating its label, or riding a Class 3 e-bike under the age of 16 without a helmet) are typically considered a Class B traffic infraction. This carries a fine of $15 plus a $6 surcharge.
Rules of the Road Violations
For other violations of traffic laws applicable to e-bikes (e.g., failing to yield, improper signaling, or riding more than two abreast when prohibited), riders are subject to the same specified penalties as any other vehicle operator.
DUI on an E-Bike
In Colorado, e-bikes are classified as vehicles, meaning that driving under the influence (DUI) laws apply to e-bike riders. An individual can be charged with DUI if their blood alcohol content (BAC) is 0.08% or higher while operating an e-bike. While penalties for intoxicated cycling are generally less severe than those for motor vehicle operators, they can still include fines, community service, and, in some cases, jail time, particularly for repeat offenders.
A DUI charge can also lead to long-term implications, such as mandatory alcohol education programs and increased insurance premiums. Operators of electric bikes must remain aware of their impairment levels, as legal consequences may apply under certain circumstances.
Seller Penalties (HB 25-1197)
House Bill 25-1197 introduces significant penalties for sellers who violate the new e-bike regulations, reflecting a strong legislative focus on industry accountability.
Violations:
Falsely labeling a vehicle: It is illegal to sell a vehicle that is not an electrical assisted bicycle if it is falsely labeled as such.
Failure to disclose information: Sellers must provide specific disclosures to buyers, including the e-bike's maximum speed, continuous rated power, class (Class 1, 2, 3, or multiple mode), whether it's designed for passengers (and seating location), and a statement that it is unlawful for individuals under 16 to ride a Class 3 e-bike unless as a passenger. Failure to provide these disclosures, especially when using terms like "electrical assisted bicycle," "electric bike," or "e-bike," constitutes a violation.
Selling uncertified batteries: The bill explicitly prohibits the manufacturing, distribution, or sale of lithium-ion batteries or second-use lithium-ion batteries for e-bikes unless they have been certified by an accredited testing laboratory.
Consequences: Violations of these provisions are considered a deceptive trade practice under the Colorado Consumer Protection Act.
Civil Penalties: A person or entity committing a deceptive trade practice may face a civil penalty of up to $20,000 for each violation. Additional penalties can be imposed for subsequent violations of a court order or injunction.
The notable disparity in penalties between riders (who face relatively minor traffic infractions for most violations) and sellers (who can incur substantial civil penalties under HB 25-1197) underscores a legislative emphasis on accountability within the e-bike industry.
While riders are expected to adhere to rules, the new law places a considerable burden on manufacturers and sellers to ensure product safety and accurate representation. This approach suggests that the state views mislabeled or unsafe e-bikes as a systemic issue requiring robust deterrents at the supply chain level, rather than solely penalizing individual rider errors. This strategy aims to regulate the market effectively, protect consumers proactively, and cultivate a safer e-bike ecosystem from its foundation, acknowledging that rider safety begins with compliant products.
E-Bike Incentives: Colorado's Tax Credit
Beyond regulations, Colorado actively supports e-bike adoption through financial incentives. The state offers a $450 tax credit for qualifying e-bike purchases. This initiative is further supported by House Bill 23-1272, which allows qualifying taxpayers to request advanced payments of certain credits on a quarterly basis.
The presence of a state tax credit for e-bikes, even amidst budget deficits and calls for service reductions (as noted in policy updates for 2025-2026 fiscal year) , highlights Colorado's commitment to promoting e-bike use as a sustainable transportation solution. This continued incentive, despite financial challenges, indicates a clear recognition of e-bikes' role in achieving broader climate goals and reducing reliance on traditional motor vehicles.
Indeed, Colorado's 2035 Transportation Vision explicitly calls for adding thousands of miles of bike lanes and sidewalks to meet state climate and mode shift objectives. This financial incentive acts as a strong draw for consumers, complementing the regulatory push for safety and clarity, and demonstrating a holistic strategy to responsibly expand the e-bike community.
Conclusion
Colorado's e-bike landscape is changing in 2025 with House Bill 25-1197, aiming for a safer and clearer environment. Key points for riders and sellers include: understanding e-bike classifications (Class 1, 2, 3, and "multiple mode"); new safety measures like certified batteries and strict labeling; varied trail access depending on class and local rules; rider responsibilities (age limits for Class 3, helmet laws for under 18 on Class 3); adhering to traffic laws; and awareness of penalties for violations, alongside incentives like tax credits. Staying informed and riding responsibly is crucial to enjoying Colorado's e-bike revolution safely.
FAQs
Do I need a license, registration, or insurance to ride an e-bike in Colorado?
No, Colorado law does not require a special license, registration, or insurance to operate an e-bike, as they are generally classified similarly to traditional bicycles under state law.
Do I need to wear a helmet when riding an e-bike in Colorado?
Helmets are mandatory for anyone under 18 years of age operating or riding as a passenger on a Class 3 e-bike. While not always legally required for other classes or age groups, wearing a helmet is strongly recommended for all e-bike riders to minimize the risk of head injuries.
Can I get a DUI on an e-bike in Colorado?
Yes, in Colorado, you can be charged with DUI for riding an e-bike if your blood alcohol content (BAC) is 0.08% or higher, as e-bikes are classified as vehicles under state law. Penalties can include fines, community service, and even jail time, though they are typically less severe than those for motor vehicles.
Where are e-bikes allowed on trails in Colorado?
E-bike access to trails varies significantly by the e-bike's class and the specific land management agency (state, federal, or local). Class 1 and 2 e-bikes are generally allowed where traditional bicycles are. Class 3 e-bikes often face more restrictions and are typically limited to roads and bike lanes unless a specific path permits them. E-bikes are generally not permitted in federally designated wilderness areas. Always check local trail rules and maps before riding.
What is a "multiple mode" e-bike?
A "multiple mode" e-bike is a new category introduced by House Bill 25-1197. These e-bikes can switch between different classes (e.g., from Class 1 to Class 3). When operating a multiple mode e-bike, riders are required to comply with the rules pertinent to the specific mode in which their e-bike is currently operating.
What is House Bill 25-1197?
House Bill 25-1197 is new legislation passed by the Colorado General Assembly, introducing updated regulations for electric bikes starting in 2025. The bill refines rules for e-bike classifications, introduces new safety standards for lithium-ion batteries, and establishes sales and advertising protections for consumers, all aimed at promoting safety and clarity across the state.
