Last Updated: Jan. 5th, 2026
Electric bikes are everywhere in California—and so are the rules. The big takeaway for 2026 is this: California still uses the Class 1 / Class 2 / Class 3 system, but enforcement now focuses on two practical things riders can’t ignore: rear visibility equipment (AB 544) and battery/charging safety certification and labeling for products sold in California (SB 1271).
Quick 2026 Snapshot (What Actually Changed)
- AB 544 (effective Jan 1, 2026): E-bikes must have a rear red reflector or a rear red light with a built-in reflector during all hours of operation (not only at night).
- SB 1271 (effective Jan 1, 2026; rentals Jan 1, 2028): E-bikes sold/leased in California require battery testing by an accredited lab and permanent compliance labeling (and rental fleets face additional requirements starting 2028).
- Anti-tampering trend: California bans selling speed-unlock devices (AB 1774) and also targets selling apps used to modify speed capability (AB 545).
1. Key Changes for E-Bike Classes
California has three main classes of electric bicycles, and these classifications will still apply after the new laws take effect. There will be some key changes in the rules for each class.
-
Class 1 E-bikes: These are bikes that only provide power when you are pedaling. The motor can help you reach a top speed of 20 miles per hour. Under the new law, Class 1 electric bicycles must be exclusively pedal assist, meaning there cannot be a throttle (a handlebar grip that makes the bike go faster without pedaling).
-
Class 2 E-bikes: These bikes have a throttle that can help you accelerate. The throttle will only work up to 20 miles per hour. If you want to go faster, you will need to pedal. Class 2 bikes can still have throttles under the new law, but only up to the 20 mph limit.
-
Class 3 E-bikes: These are similar to Class 1 bikes but with a higher speed limit. The motor can help you reach speeds up to 28 miles per hour. In California’s 3-class system, Class 1 and Class 3 are pedal-assist only, while Class 2 may use a throttle up to 20 mph..
These rules aim to keep e-bikes safe and prevent them from becoming too fast or dangerous. While some people may miss the extra speed, these limits will help make the roads safer for everyone.
SEE ALSO Do You Need to Register an Electric Bike in the U.S.?
2. Power Limit for E-Bikes
California e-bikes are defined around a 750W (continuous rated) power limit—models that exceed the legal definition may be treated as motorized vehicles, which changes where and how they can be used.
Under the new law, all e-bikes must have a motor that does not exceed 750 watts of power. This will help prevent people from turning their e-bikes into electric motorcycles. While 750 watts is still a lot of power (it’s three times the power of a typical electric bicycles in Europe), the law makes it clear that e-bikes should not be too powerful.
This change will make sure that electric bikes stay within a reasonable range of speed and power. It will also make sure that they are treated like bicycles, not motorcycles.
3. Battery Safety and Testing
Another important part of the 2026 law is the new battery safety rules. E-bike batteries are one of the most important parts of the bike. If the battery is not safe, it could catch fire or cause other accidents. To avoid these risks, all e-bike batteries sold in California will need to undergo safety testing.
Starting Jan 1, 2026, California restricts selling/leasing e-bikes unless the battery has been tested by an accredited lab (ISO 17025/17065 or NRTL) against the applicable safety standard (for e-bikes, standards referenced in ANSI/CAN/UL 2849 or EN 15194, or rules set by the State Fire Marshal). The required lab mark and certification standard must be permanently affixed on the e-bike/electrical system, battery, or charging system—and sellers may be required to provide the test report upon request. Rental restrictions become operative Jan 1, 2028.
4. 2026 Update: Rear Reflector/Rear Red Light Required at All Hours
New for 2026 (AB 544): An electric bicycle must be equipped at all hours with a rear red reflector or a solid/flashing rear red light with a built-in reflector, visible from 500 feet to the rear when illuminated by lawful high beams.
5. No Throttles on Some E-Bikes
As mentioned earlier, Class 1 and Class 3 e-bikes can no longer have throttles. The throttle is a feature that allows the rider to control the speed of the bike without pedaling. Under the new law, only Class 2 e-bikes can have a throttle, and the throttle will only work until 20 mph.
This change is meant to make sure that electric bikes are more like regular bicycles and less like electric motorcycles. In the past, some e-bikes were sold with powerful throttles that made them much faster than normal bicycles. This created safety concerns, especially in busy areas or places with lots of pedestrians.
Age Requirements and Helmet Laws
Beyond speed and power, California's 2026 e-bike laws also clarify important safety regulations regarding rider age and helmet use. These rules are designed to protect riders, especially minors, and reduce the risk of accidents.
For Class 1 and Class 2 E-bikes: There are generally no statewide age restrictions for these classes if you are 16 or older. However, riders under 18 years old are required to wear a helmet at all times when operating any Class 1 or 2 e-bike.
For Class 3 E-bikes: These higher-speed e-bikes have stricter requirements. Riders must be at least 16 years old to operate a Class 3 e-bike. Additionally, all riders of Class 3 e-bikes, regardless of age, must wear a properly fitted bicycle helmet that meets safety standards (e.g., CPSC approved).
These regulations emphasize the state's commitment to rider safety, particularly for younger individuals, given the increased speeds and potential risks associated with e-bikes.
Where You Can Ride Your E-Bike
Understanding where each e-bike class is permitted to ride is essential for staying compliant and avoiding fines. California's laws, along with local ordinances, dictate access to various pathways and roads.
Class 1 and Class 2 E-bikes: These e-bikes are generally treated similarly to traditional bicycles. They are typically allowed on:
Class 1 Bike Paths: Dedicated paved paths often found in natural areas, for the exclusive use of cyclists and pedestrians.
Class 2 Bike Lanes: Designated one-way bike lanes on streets and highways.
City Streets and Roadways: Where conventional bicycles are permitted.
Sidewalks: Generally not permitted unless expressly allowed by local ordinance. Many cities ban bicycles (including e-bikes) on sidewalks in business districts for pedestrian safety.
Class 3 E-bikes: Due to their higher speed capabilities, Class 3 e-bikes have more restrictions:
Roads and Bike Lanes Adjacent to Roadways: These are generally permitted.
Restricted Areas: Class 3 e-bikes are typically not allowed on multi-use paths, separated bike trails, equestrian trails, or hiking/recreational trails unless specifically designated or explicitly allowed by a local authority or the governing body of a a public agency having jurisdiction over the trail. This is to ensure the safety of slower-moving pedestrians and cyclists.
It is crucial for riders to always check local signage and municipal ordinances, as local jurisdictions often have the authority to impose additional restrictions on e-bike usage in their specific areas.
Enforcement and Penalties for Non-Compliance
The new 2026 e-bike laws in California come with clear implications for those who do not comply. The goal is not just to set rules, but to ensure they are followed for the safety of all road users.
Reclassification as a Motor Vehicle: One of the most significant consequences of non-compliance is the reclassification of your e-bike. If an e-bike is modified to exceed the legal speed limits (20 mph for Class 1/2, 28 mph for Class 3) or the 750-watt power limit, it may no longer be considered an "electric bicycle" under California law. Instead, it could be reclassified as a motor-driven cycle or moped, which requires:
- DMV Registration
- Motorcycle Endorsement or Driver's License
- Vehicle Insurance
-
License Plates
Failure to comply with these requirements can lead to severe penalties.
Fines and Citations: Riders caught violating speed limits, throttle restrictions, age requirements, or helmet laws can face fines and citations. These penalties can vary depending on the specific violation and local ordinances.
Confiscation: In some cases of egregious or repeated violations, authorities may have the right to confiscate non-compliant e-bikes.
Prohibition on Selling Modification Devices: Assembly Bill (AB) 1774 specifically bans the sale or distribution of devices designed to modify an e-bike's speed or power beyond legal limits. Retailers and online sellers caught selling such items may face criminal charges.
California also prohibits selling apps used to modify an e-bike’s speed capability so it no longer meets the legal definition.
These measures underscore California's commitment to ensuring e-bikes are operated safely and within their intended classification, preventing them from becoming unregulated high-speed vehicles on public roads and trails.
Key Legislation Behind the Changes
The significant updates to California's e-bike laws in 2026 are the result of specific legislative efforts. Understanding these bill numbers can provide further clarity and authority to the new regulations.
- AB1096 (2015): established CA’s 3-class e-bike framework.
- SB1271 (effective 2026; rentals 2028): battery/charging-system testing, labeling, and reporting requirements.
- AB1774 (2024) + AB545 (2025): bans selling speed-mod devices and apps.
- AB544 (effective 2026): all-hours rear reflector/light + CHP e-bike safety course option for minors’ helmet citations.
These legislative actions reflect California's proactive approach to integrating e-bikes safely into its transportation infrastructure by setting clear legal boundaries and safety standards.
Why the New Laws Are Important
These new rules are not just about making e-bikes less fun to ride. The goal is to make e-bikes safer for everyone. As electric bicycless become more common, there have been more reports of accidents, injuries, and confusion about what is allowed.
- Ensure safety: By limiting the power and speed of ebikes, the law helps reduce the risk of accidents.
- Standardize rules: With clearer rules, it will be easier for people to understand what kind of electric bikes are legal to ride and where they can ride them.
- Promote fairness: The law applies to everyone, from casual riders to rental companies. It helps create a level playing field for all users.
California Offers E-Bike Subsidies
California offers several incentives and subsidies designed to encourage the use of electric bikes as sustainable transportation, thereby decreasing traffic congestion:
- California’s statewide e-bike voucher pilot has concluded (Dec 2025), but local and utility-run rebate programs may still be available depending on your city/county. Check your local transportation agency or community energy provider for current funding windows.
- Local Programs: Cities and counties may offer rebates or incentives to encourage the purchase of an e-bike, such as San Diego and Los Angeles, which have programs that provide financial support to buyers of electric bikes.
- Employer Programs: Some employers offer green commuting incentives to employees who use e-bikes to commute.
What to Expect in 2025 and Beyond
Starting in 2025, you can expect to see more ebikes on the roads in California. The new rules will make sure that these bikes are safe, not too fast, and good for the environment. If you are planning to buy or rent an ebike in California, here are a few things you should keep in mind:
-
Check the class: Make sure the bike has the right class for your needs. If you want a bike with a throttle, you’ll need a Class 2 bike. The Qiolor Tiger electric adult bike is a 750W ebike with a throttle, featuring two models: the twist throttle on the Qiolor Tiger and the thumb throttle on the Tiger Plus.
-
Look for certified batteries: Make sure the electric bike’s battery has been tested and certified for safety.
-
Know the speed limits: Remember that electric bicycles can’t go faster than 20 mph or 28 mph, depending on the class.
Conclusion
The 2025 California electric bike law brings some important changes to the way e-bikes are regulated. By setting clear rules about speed, power, and safety, the law aims to make e-bikes safer and more accessible. Whether you are a rider, a manufacturer, or a rental company, it’s important to understand these new laws. If you follow the rules, you can enjoy riding e-bikes while keeping yourself and others safe on the road.
FAQs
Do I need a rear light or reflector in daytime in California?
Yes. As of Jan 1, 2026, e-bikes must have a rear red reflector or a rear red light with a built-in reflector during all hours of operation.
Is battery certification required for e-bikes sold in California?
Starting Jan 1, 2026, SB 1271 restricts selling/leasing e-bikes unless the battery has been tested by an accredited laboratory and compliance labeling requirements are met.
What happens if I ride a Class 3 e-bike in a bike lane?
Class 3 e-bikes are allowed in bike lanes in California, but they must be equipped with pedal-assist systems only. If you are caught using a throttle on a Class 3 e-bike, you may face fines or penalties, as throttles are no longer allowed on Class 3 bikes.
Can I modify my e-bike to increase its speed or power?
Modifying your e-bike to increase its speed or motor power beyond the legal limits (750W for e-bikes) is illegal in California. If caught, you may face fines and could have your e-bike confiscated. It is important to follow all legal requirements to avoid potential legal issues.
Are e-bikes required to have insurance in California?
Currently, California does not require e-bikes to have insurance. However, it is recommended to have some form of insurance coverage, especially for expensive bikes or those used in shared mobility programs. Always check with your insurance provider to see if your policy covers e-bikes.
Do rentals follow the same SB 1271 timeline?
SB 1271 includes a later restriction date for rentals: Jan 1, 2028 for renting/offer-for-rent e-bikes and related equipment unless tested to the required standard.
Read More
How to Safely Remove a Stuck Battery: Quick Tips and Solutions
Is the $1500 Federal Tax Credit for E-Bikes Actually Available?
Tips for Preventing Your Bike from Rusting Outdoors
